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Topicm5c57fcf8346471b2_1528449000663_0Topic

The Big BangBig BangBig Bang theory and stages of the developmentdevelopmentdevelopment of the Universe

Levelm5c57fcf8346471b2_1528449084556_0Level

Third

Core curriculumm5c57fcf8346471b2_1528449076687_0Core curriculum

III. Gravity and elements of astronomy. The student:

5) describes the Big Bang as the beginning of the Universe known to us; knows the approximate age of the Universe, describes the expansion of the Universe (the escape of galaxies).

Timingm5c57fcf8346471b2_1528449068082_0Timing

45 minutes

General learning objectivesm5c57fcf8346471b2_1528449523725_0General learning objectives

Describes the theory of the Big Bang.

Key competencesm5c57fcf8346471b2_1528449552113_0Key competences

1. He lists the stages of the development of the Universe.

Operational (detailed) goalsm5c57fcf8346471b2_1528450430307_0Operational (detailed) goals

The student:

- explains what the Big BangBig BangBig Bang theory is,

- describes the stages of the developmentdevelopmentdevelopment of the Universe.

Methodsm5c57fcf8346471b2_1528449534267_0Methods

1. Discussion.

2. Text analysis.

Forms of workm5c57fcf8346471b2_1528449514617_0Forms of work

1. Individual work.

2. Group work.

Lesson stages

Introductionm5c57fcf8346471b2_1528450127855_0Introduction

The students recall Hubble's law.

Recall Hubble's law regarding the escape of galaxies.

Procedurem5c57fcf8346471b2_1528446435040_0Procedure

One of the most widespread theories describing the origin and developmentdevelopmentdevelopment of our Universe is the Big BangBig BangBig Bang theory. According to it, the origin of the Universe took place at one point with infinite density and temperature. This is the point where the laws of physics known to us did not function, as well as the notions of time and space.

At first it was assumed that the Universe is static, but Hubble observed that all distant galaxies are moving away from us and that the faster they are further away.

The Big Bang theory describes the evolution of the Universe from its beginning to the present, assuming it is expanding all the time.

Definition:
CosmologycosmologyCosmology is a science that deals with the structure and evolution of the Universe.

In the evolution of the Universe, the following cosmological epochs are distinguished:

- Planck epochepochepoch (duration: 0 to 10Indeks górny -43 s):

The first phase of the developmentdevelopmentdevelopment of the early Universe is called Planck epoch. It covered the time from 0 to 10Indeks górny -43 s. It is assumed that very high temperatures of the order of 10Indeks górny 32 K prevailed. We cannot yet describe what this state was or what processes occurred in it.

- Hadronic epoch (duration: 10Indeks górny -43 to 10Indeks górny -32  Indeks górny koniecs):

The period between 10Indeks górny -43 s and 10Indeks górny -32 s is the time in which the size of the Universe has increased 10Indeks górny 20 - 10Indeks górny 26 times - this period is called the inflationary epochepochepoch. At the end of this stage, the Universe's space consisted of a hot and dense mixture of quarks, antiquarks and gluons as well as photons, electrons and positrons. The prevailing temperature is slightly lower - of the order of 10Indeks górny 27  Indeks górny koniecto 10Indeks górny 28 K.

Definition:
HadronshadronsHadrons - strong interacting elementary particles made of quarks and gluons. These include, for example, proton and neutron.

- Lepton epoch (duration: 10Indeks górny -4 to 10 s):

The next stage was the merging of quarks into protons and neutrons, and when the Universe existed one second, and its temperature dropped to 5 billion Kelvin, there were processes of annihilation of electrons and positrons (after contact of electron and positron both particles disappear, and instead two photons of gamma radiation appear), as a result of which the number of photons increased.m5c57fcf8346471b2_1527752256679_0The next stage was the merging of quarks into protons and neutrons, and when the Universe existed one second, and its temperature dropped to 5 billion Kelvin, there were processes of annihilation of electrons and positrons (after contact of electron and positron both particles disappear, and instead two photons of gamma radiation appear), as a result of which the number of photons increased.

Definition:
LeptonsleptonsLeptons - light elementary particles which include 6 particles and 6 corresponding neutrinos. Each of them has its own antiparticle. These are: electron, mion, tau, electron neutrinoneutrinoneutrino, mion neutrino, tau neutrino and corresponding antiparticles: positron (antielectron), antimion, antitau and antineutrinos.

Radiation epochepochepoch (duration: 10 s to approx. 100 million years):

The era of nucleosynthesis began - atomic nuclei of deuterium, tritium, and helium were created. It lasted about 4 minutes and it was at that time that the composition of the Universe was established (about 75% of protons and 24% of helium nuclei). Then the heavy nuclei could no longer be formed, because the temperature became too low for the helium nuclei to undergo fusion reactions and form heavier nuclei.

The further expansion of the Universe led to a decrease of temperature - protons and helium nuclei could be combined with electrons into neutral hydrogen and helium atoms. Radiation was then created which at the moment we observe as a relic radiation - cosmic microwave background radiation.

- Galactic epoch (duration: 100 million years - up to now / probably 13,7 billion years):

The era of the formation of stars took place (about 100 million years), which then began to merge into galaxies (about 500 million years). The Sun and the Solar System were created around 4,6 billion years ago.

The average temperature in space is T = 2,725 K.

[Interactive graphics]

Lesson summarym5c57fcf8346471b2_1528450119332_0Lesson summary

The Big Bang theory describes a possible scenario of the creation of the Universe. The astronomical observations confirm the expansion of the Universe and allow determining its age. The current state of knowledge, however, does not allow us to find an unambiguous answer to what the absolute beginning of the Universe looked like.m5c57fcf8346471b2_1527752263647_0The Big Bang theory describes a possible scenario of the creation of the Universe. The astronomical observations confirm the expansion of the Universe and allow determining its age. The current state of knowledge, however, does not allow us to find an unambiguous answer to what the absolute beginning of the Universe looked like.

Selected words and expressions used in the lesson plan

Big BangBig BangBig Bang

cosmologycosmologycosmology

developmentdevelopmentdevelopment

epochepochepoch

gluongluongluon

hadronshadronshadrons

inflationinflationinflation

leptonsleptonsleptons

neutrinoneutrinoneutrino

quarkquarkquark

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Big Bang1
Big Bang

Wielki Wybuch

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wymowa w języku angielskim: Big Bang
development1
development

rozwój

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wymowa w języku angielskim: development
cosmology1
cosmology

kosmologia

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wymowa w języku angielskim: cosmology
epoch1
epoch

era

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wymowa w języku angielskim: epoch
hadrons1
hadrons

hadrony

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wymowa w języku angielskim: hadrons
leptons1
leptons

leptony

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wymowa w języku angielskim: leptons
neutrino1
neutrino

neutrino

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wymowa w języku angielskim: neutrino
gluon1
gluon

gluon

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wymowa w języku angielskim: gluon
inflation1
inflation

inflacja

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wymowa w języku angielskim: inflation
quark1
quark

kwark

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wymowa w języku angielskim: quark